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Norman Ireland
 1169
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The King of Leinster, Dermot Mac Murrough, in conflict with the King of Connaught calls in aid the Earl of Pembroke (known as Strongbow) and he assembles a Norman army and he disembarks to Baginbun on the South-eastern coast of Ireland. In change he offers his first-born's hand and the right to succeed as King of Leinster. Therefore begins a long period of English domination on the island. |
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| 1171 |
On the dead of McMurrough, Strongbow becomes King of Leinster and Enrick the II, monarch of England, arrives in Ireland to claim his rights. The next year the Pope will declare him Feudal Lord of Ireland. Normans succeed to penetrate in all the island except in the Northeast region called Ulster. | |
| 1175 |
Treaty of Windsor, with which Enrick the II takes possession of Irish lands occupied by Normans and leaves Rory O' Connor the role of Ard Ri of not conquered areas; but he will have to recognize the sovereignty of Enrick and to collect annual taxes from all Ireland, paying them to the crown. But this treaty doesn't have effect.
It's been constructed the Dublin Castle as seat of central Government and English laws are introduced. During the next century Ireland is again divided in three fundamental geographic, ethnic and cultural areas: 1) the Pale, an area approximately 30 miles wide around Dublin, that was under directed control of the British government. 2) the Gaelic Ireland (Ulster and Southwest Coast), never conquered by Normans, that conserved Gaelic customs and was outside the feudal society and English legislation. 3) the Norman-Irish Ireland, ~ 70 % of the island, constituted of independent areas governed by Normans Lord faithful to the Crown but opposed to the feudal monarchy that could steal them power. They adopted the language and the Gaelic culture. |
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| 1261
e 1270 |
Great Battles of Callan and Ath an Kip where Gaels defeat Normans that are trying to conquer Ulster and Southwestern area. | |
| 1366
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"Statutes of Kilkenny" are approved in order to prohibit weddings between the English and the Irishes and to try to prevent colonists from England to become "more Irish than Irish themselves". But this attempt isn't successful. | |
| 1507 |
Enrick the VIII comes to the throne and he tries to strengthen hiss control on Ireland: all the Irish gentlemen must give up their lands to the English Crown that will give them back to the old owners as benefits. |
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| 1536
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While his father negotiates in England with Enrick the VIII for the expansion of Crown's control over the island, Silken Thomas Fitzgerald from Kildare occupies the Dublin Parliament declaring not to be servant to the King but his enemy. In Maynooth the English army forces the troops of Fitzgerald to yield. | |
| 1541 |
Enrick is proclaimed (in Gaelic as nobody of the Norman-Irish Lords spoke English) King of Ireland by the Irish Parliament. It's established that the King of England will be automatically also King of Ireland. It's been adopted an anglicization program to impose English language, laws, culture and religion in Ireland. | |
| 1558 |
Elisabeth I comes to the throne. They try to extend in Ireland the principle of the Anglican Church, but it isn't successful. | |
| 1594 |
Hugh O' Neill, Earl of Tyrone (The Ulster was the last outpost of the Irish chiefs) comes into conflict with English who do not succeed to oppose him. | |
| 1601 |
A Spanish army arrives on the southern coast of Ireland to join O' Neill. He and his army march from the North to Kinsale where, exhausted and in unknown territory, are defeated by Lord Mountjoy. | |
| 1603 |
O' Neill surrenders and signs the treaty of Mellifont, with which He yields his power and authority to the English Crown. | |
| 1607 |
"Flight of the Earls": O' Neill and the more important families of Ulster leaves the country and goes in voluntary exile. From this moment it begins a thorough colonization in order to transplant and install in Ireland new colonists coming from England and Scotland, and it will carry to a progressive expropriation of all Irish lands to the new colonists advantage. | |
| 1641 |
Catholics Irish Catholics rebel to get back their lands. They are joined by older catholic colonists who were living in Ireland since a long time. | |
| 1649 |
Oliver Cromwell reaches Ireland and begins to rage to bring back rebels under English dominion. Properties are confiscated, and survivors are sent in infertile lands in Connaught ("To hell or in the Connaught"). | |
| 1685 |
James II, catholic, comes to the throne and revokes lands expropriations carried out by Cromwell, arousing English's anger. He is unthroned to protestant William of Orange advantage. | |
| 1688 |
On 7th December Derry's gates are slammed in James II's army's and the citizens barricade themselves inside the walls. | |
| 1689 |
James reaches Dublin where the Parliament recognized him as King. The besiege of Derry begins. The barricaded population answers with the outcry "No Surrender". | |
| 1690 |
William lands in Carrickfergus on 12th July and defeats James' troops on the Boyne river. (James is supported by the French King Louis XIV and, fearing that France can increase excessively its power, the catholic King of Spain and even the Pope take side with the protestant William !!). This event is celebrated every year by the protestant
population.
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| 1691 |
Final surrender and treaty of Limerick with introduction of the Penal Laws. | |
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